What results from soil compaction?

Soil compaction occurs when soil particles are pressed together, reducing the space between them. This process results in decreased soil porosity, meaning there is less air and fewer larger pores available for water and root growth. Healthy soil has a good balance of solids, liquids, and gases; when soil is compacted, the reduction in porosity negatively affects the soil’s ability to hold and transmit air and water. This can lead to poor root development and hinder plant growth, as roots struggle to penetrate compacted layers and access necessary nutrients and moisture.

Increased nutrient availability, improved root growth, and enhanced water retention are generally associated with good soil structure and porosity, making them unlikely outcomes of soil compaction. Therefore, decreased soil porosity is the most accurate response to what happens as a result of compaction.